C Programming — Complete Course Notes (BCA 1st Sem)
Comprehensive master notes covering fundamentals, syntax, control statements, arrays, pointers, structures, and file I/O for TU BCA 1st semester.
C Programming · CACS101 · Semester 1
Unit 2•Unit 2 of 6
Unit 2: 1. Fundamentals of C Programming
C is a general-purpose, procedural, middle-level programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the UNIX operating system.
Key Characteristics:
- Middle-Level Language: Combines the high-level readability of user-defined functions and structures with low-level direct memory manipulation using pointers.
- Structured Programming: Modular design using functions, loops, and block-scoped variables.
- Portability & Efficiency: Generates compact, highly optimized native machine assembly code.
```c #include <stdio.h>
int main(void) { printf("Hello, EduNepal Student!\n"); return 0; } ```
CS50x Introduction to C Programming Lecture (David J. Malan)
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Related notes
- Unit 1: Introduction to Programming Concepts and C Language NotesNotes
- Unit 2: Operators and Expressions NotesNotes
- Unit 3: Input and Output Operations NotesNotes
- Unit 4: Control Statements and Decision Making NotesNotes
- Unit 5: Arrays and String Manipulations NotesNotes
- Unit 6: Functions and Recursion NotesNotes
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Practice questions
- Which of the following is an invalid variable name in C? (a) _salary (b) 1st_rank (c) total_sum (d) age2objective · 1 marks
- What is the return type of the `malloc()` function in C? (a) `int*` (b) `char*` (c) `void*` (d) `float*`objective · 1 marks
- Explain the difference between call by value and call by reference in C with suitable code snippets.short · 5 marks
- What is recursion? Write a recursive function in C to calculate the factorial of a positive integer.short · 5 marks
- Explain dynamic memory allocation in C. Differentiate between `malloc()` and `calloc()`. Write a C program to dynamically allocate memory for N integers, sort them in ascending order, and free the memory.long · 10 marks